ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The inactivation of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase and the degradation of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity in blackberry were investigated during blanching in water at 80-90 °C, and in steam, from 0 to 10 minutes. The enzyme kinetics indicated the presence of two isoenzymes with different thermal stability, following two-phase model, in which the reaction rate constant increased with increasing temperature for both the heat labile and heat resistant component. The phenolic compounds also followed a biphasic pattern, indicating a more heat resistant fraction, and the rate constants increased with increasing temperature. For the antioxidant activity and anthocyanins, the first order kinetic model (R2>0.982) indicated an increase in degradation rate constants with temperature, from 0.050 to 0.137min-1 for DPPH, 0.085 to 0.285min-1 for ABTS, and 0.017 to 0.052 min-1 for anthocyanins.
ABSTRACT
A elaboração e o armazenamento de pães crus congelados têm se mostrado vantajosos para os pontos de venda e para o consumidor final. O primeiro, pela redução da perda e menor exigência de espaço físico e mão-de-obra especializada, e o segundo, por disponibilizar pães sempre frescos. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a influência do armazenamento sobre a viabilidade das células de levedura em massas congeladas de pão francês. Para tanto, as massas foram elaboradas seguindo a metodologia de massa direta: os ingredientes (pré-mistura para pão francês, fermento fresco e água) foram misturados até o desenvolvimento completo do glúten; então foi dividida em porções de 60g e modelada. O congelamento foi realizado em ultracongelador a -32°C, e o armazenamento foi feito em câmaras com temperaturas de -18°C e -40°C. Para a estimativa de vida de prateleira, analisou-se a cinética da redução da viabilidade das leveduras. Esse teste foi realizado em placas de Petri contendo meio Sabouraud acrescido de cloranfenicol 0,2 por cento a 28°C durante cinco dias. A cinética de redução das células de levedura seguiu uma reação de primeira ordem, cujas constantes de velocidades foram 0,027 dias-1 (R²=0,931) e 0,026 dias-¹ (R²=0,938) para as temperaturas de -18°C e -40°C, respectivamente. Para ambas as temperaturas, a redução em 50 por cento da população de leveduras se deu em aproximadamente 25 dias.
The preparation and storage of frozen bread has proved to be advantageous for the market and to the final consumer. First because of loss reduction and need for smaller physical storage space and workforce, second because it provides always fresh bread. This study aimed to investigate the influence of storage on the viability of yeast cells in frozen French bread. In order to that, frozen French breads were prepared by the direct-dough method: the ingredients (premix for French bread, fresh yeast and water) were mixed until the dough was fully developed and then divided into portions of 60g and moulded. Freezing was held in ultra freezer at -32°C and the storage was made in chambers at temperatures of -18oC and -40°C. To estimate the shelf life, the study of reduction of leavening cells viability in frozen French bread dough was analyzed. This test was performed in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol 0.2 percent at 28°C during 5 days. The kinetics of reduction of leavening cells viability followed a first-order reaction, which rate constants were 0.027 days-1 (R²=0.931) and 0.026 day-¹ (R²=0.938) for -18°C and -40°C temperatures, respectively. For both temperatures, the 50 percent reduction in the number of leaven occurred in approximately 25 days.